1) How much bandwidth is used in the GUP configuration over the VPN, verses the sites using their own internet connection to download liveupdates?
In case of GUP only the GUP will come to the server to take the update and inturn update the client. So if you have 100 Clients ay each site and if you configure a GUP the traffic will reduce to 1/100 times of the original wher all 100 clients where going to SEPM to take updates
2) How big are the definition files? I think I remember speaking with tech support at one point and they mentioned that it's a "delta file transfer", meaning they should be small, but 5mb? 10mb?
The delta is about 200 -300 Kb
3) How often does the replication take place with the "main" server?
You can set the replication frequency as per your requirement
4) Can these updates be configured to run only during off-peak hours?
Yes
5) What happens if the VPN connection goes down, does that remote site end up being stuck at whatever definitions it had until the connection is re-established?
No if the Client do no get definition from GUP they will come to SEPM and if they are not able to contact SEPM they will go to the internet. But this needs to be configured in the LU policy