I have the same issue. This worked for me in the lab, but now that we've rolled out to the stores, I see the same issue as described above.
11.0.5002.333 version clients at both store server and store registers
Server says Group Update Provider: True
Clients are properly configured to use the server as the GUP, obviously because the server says GUP: True
Using wireshark at the SEPM, I see the server and the registers checking in.
Clients are set to check in every 4 hours.
It has been almost 24 hours since the installation of this store server and the registers, but the registers have still not pulled down the updates from the GUP.