Don't discount the need to update patch data because the TechNote was in March and this is October. It wouldn't be the first time an error was made in a patch assessment.
As indicated above, exit code (-2145124329) means that the patch does not apply to your computer. http://inetexplorer.mvps.org/archive/windows_update_codes.htm
The last line in the log file indicates that Patch Management is using a Shavlik which usually does a more detailed assessment than a typical MS assessment. If there is something wrong in that Shavlik file, then it could indicate the patch was needed when it may not be. So there could be a need to download a new file from Symantec.
If your file from Symantec is the latest, I'd open a ticket with Support to have it checked out.
While waiting on Support, I'd download the file directly from MS and try to install that one. Could be the file on your computer is corrupt. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=34089
One other thing comes to mind, are you running 32 bit or 64 bit Windows 7? If 64 bit, that is why the patch doesn't apply to your computer.