The agents are affected when downloading packages that they themselves need to execute. It doesn't affect uploads/serving files/event processing/policy requests/etc.
I'm not sure but I imagine that package servers are indeed affected by the throttle settings when they download packages from the NS so that they can serve them to managed computers in their site.
The NS is targeted by your Site Server Targeted Agents Settings policy, since it is a site server, but again what it's doing is serving files, not downloading them, so the NS isn't going to be affected.
There is no sharing between # of package servers or # of clients. The clients who have a throttling policy in place ping their package server to determine their download speed. Based on this result, they either fall within the throttling policy (below threshold) or not (above threshold).
Let's say you create a policy for your workstations where anybody whose test result above is lower than 256KB/sec should use 50% bandwidth. The workstation receives a task to install Microsoft Office 2010, so it speedtests and the result comes back at 387KB/sec. As fast as it can, it now downloads Microsoft Office 2010 from the package server. A throttling policy affecting package server or the NS has no affect on this agent's download speed.
Later in the day, a laptop user with the same policy connects to the network through VPN while at a conference. It performs the speed test and the result is 122KB/sec. This falls within the throttling threshold and period, so th edownload will be throttled. 122KB/sec x .5 = 61KB/sec. The laptop now uses at most 61KB/sec to download the Microsoft Office 2010 package from the package server.
Finally, let's say that the next day, 25 workstations in a computer lab at the remote site are turned on and receive the Microsoft Office 2010 policy. They speedtest over the WAN and, because it's within the throttling period and it's Monday and people are slamming the network, they fall within the threshold -- each of them speedtested at 200KB/sec. They will all use up to 100KB/sec to download the package. Since all 25 will be downloading the package, they use 100KB/sec x 25 = 2500KB/sec over the WAN to download the package. I use this example to illustrate that bandwidth throttling is to provide adequate service to the client by not hogging their connection. It's not really meant to ensure quality of service over a WAN/LAN. That's something a network administrator should handle through their wizardry.
Does this answer your question? If not, what goal do you have in your environment that you want to accomplish using bandwidth throttling?