Thumbs up to the above responses!
I must admit, it all sounds rather odd. The progress bar you're seeing in the Client Deployment Wizard only tracks the SEPM's ability to copy the installation files across and make registry changes. It does not track the install of SEP itself.
This means it can take a little while for it to install, and that the SEPM's progress bar hitting 100% is not indication of a successful install, only of a successful push.
This article on Push Deployments (https://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH164327) recommends checking out the SEP_INST and MSI Logs to investigate instances when the push works but the install fails. It links through to the below article (which should still be applicable in 14.*):
https://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH164067
On the machines on which you have manually installed SEP, please follow the below article on troubleshooting Client to Manager Comms:
https://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH105894
I also personally find the secars test quite handy:
https://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH102682
It's also worth noting that the 500 Error may just be indication that the Preferred Group (in your Sylink file) is Blocking New Clients:
https://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH208894
For more in-depth troubleshooting, you're going to need to enable logging in 14.2's Comms Module:
https://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH250061